THREE: DNA Technology
Campbell Chapters 13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20, and 27
Topic 4: Genetics (Core)
The University of Utah’s Learn.Genetics™ site is very good for teaching many of the concepts covered below.
Chi-Square Practice Problems #1
Chi-Square Practice Problems #2
Pedigree Analysis
Polytene Chromosomes of Drosophila
University of Utah Heredity and Traits Worksheet
4.2 Meiosis—Campbell chapter 13.
Assessment Statements
• State that meiosis is a reduction division of a diploid nucleus to form haploid nuclei. (4.2.1)
• Define homologous chromosomes. (4.2.2)
• Outline the process of meiosis, including pairing of homologous chromosomes and crossing over, followed by two divisions, which results in four haploid cells. (4.2.3)
• Explain that non-disjunction can lead to changes in chromosome number, illustrated by reference to Down syndrome (trisomy 21). (4.2.4)
• State that, in karyotyping, chromosomes are arranged in pairs according to their size and structure. (4.2.5)
• State that karyotyping is performed using cells collected by chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis, for pre-natal diagnosis of chromosome abnormalities. (4.2.6)
• Analyse a human karyotype to determine gender and whether non-disjunction has occurred. (4.2.7)
AHL Topic 10:
10.1 Meiosis (HL only)—Campbell chapter 13.
Assessment Statements
• Describe the behaviour of the chromosomes in the phases of meiosis. (AHL 10.1.1)
• Outline the formation of chiasmata in the process of crossing over. (AHL 10.1.2)
• Explain how meiosis results in an effectively infinite genetic variety in gametes through crossing over in prophase I and random orientation in metaphase I. (AHL 10.1.3)
• Explain the relationship between Mendel’s law of independent assortment and meiosis. (AHL 10.1.4)
Chapter 13 Presentation-Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
Crossing Over Animation
Recombination of UNLINKED Genes Due to Independent Assortment Animation
Recombination of LINKED Genes Due to Crossing Over Animation
Recombination of LINKED Genes Due to Crossing Over Animation II
Meiosis Animation
Meiosis Animation II
Meiosis I Nondisjunction
Meiosis II Nondisjunction
4.1 Chromosomes, Genes, Alleles, and Mutations—Campbell chapters 14, 15 and 21.
Assessment Statements
• State that eukaryote chromosomes are made of DNA and proteins. (4.1.1)
• Define gene, allele and genome. (4.1.2)
• Define gene mutation. (4.1.3)
• Explain the consequence of a base substitution mutation in relation to the processes of transcription and translation, using the example of sickle-cell anemia. (4.1.4)
4.3 Theoretical Genetics—Campbell chapters 14 and 15.
Assessment Statements
• Define genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, recessive allele, codominant alleles, locus, homozygous, heterozygous, carrier and test cross. (4.3.1)
• Determine the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring of a monohybrid cross using a Punnett grid. (4.3.2)
• State that some genes have more than two alleles (multiple alleles). (4.3.3)
• Describe ABO blood groups as an example of codominance and multiple alleles. (4.3.4)
• Explain how the sex chromosomes control gender by referring to the inheritance of X and Y chromosomes in humans. (4.3.5)
• State that some genes are present on the X chromosome and absent from the shorter Y chromosome in humans. (4.3.6)
• Define sex linkage. (4.3.7)
• Describe the inheritance of colour blindness and hemophilia as examples of sex linkage. (4.3.8)
• State that a human female can be homozygous or heterozygous with respect to sex-linked genes. (4.3.9)
• Explain that female carriers are heterozygous for X-linked recessive alleles. (4.3.10)
• Predict the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of offspring of monohybrid crosses involving any of the above patterns of inheritance. (4.3.11)
• Deduce the genotypes and phenotypes of individuals in pedigree charts. (4.3.12)
AHL Topic 10:
10.2 Dihybrid Crosses and gene linkage (HL only)—Campbell chapter 14.
Assessment Statements
• Calculate and predict the genotypic and phenotypic ratio of offspring of dihybrid crosses involving unlinked autosomal genes. (10.2.1)
• Distinguish between autosomes and sex chromosomes. (10.2.2)
• Explain how crossing over between non-sister chromatids of a homologous pair in prophase I can result in an exchange of alleles. (10.2.3)
• Define linkage group. (10.2.4)
• Explain an example of a cross between two linked genes. (10.2.5)
• Identify which of the offspring are recombinants in a dihybrid cross involving linked genes. (10.2.6)
10.3 Polygenic inheritance (HL only)—Campbell chapter 14.
Assessment Statements
• Define polygenic inheritance. (10.3.1)
• Explain that polygenic inheritance can contribute to continuous variation using two examples, one of which must be human skin colour. (10.3.2)
Chapter 14 Presentation-Mendel and the Gene Idea
Complete Dominance Animation
Recessive Allele Animation
For information on How to Work With Drosophila follow the link. This information will be valuable to you while performing your fruit-fly lab.
4.1 Chromosomes, Genes, Alleles, and Mutations—Campbell chapters 14, 15 and 21.
Assessment Statements
• State that eukaryote chromosomes are made of DNA and proteins. (4.1.1)
• Define gene, allele and genome. (4.1.2)
• Define gene mutation. (4.1.3)
• Explain the consequence of a base substitution mutation in relation to the processes of transcription and translation, using the example of sickle-cell anemia. (4.1.4)
4.3 Theoretical Genetics—Campbell chapters 14 and 15.
Assessment Statements
• Define genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, recessive allele, codominant alleles, locus, homozygous, heterozygous, carrier and test cross. (4.3.1)
• Determine the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring of a monohybrid cross using a Punnett grid. (4.3.2)
• State that some genes have more than two alleles (multiple alleles). (4.3.3)
• Describe ABO blood groups as an example of codominance and multiple alleles. (4.3.4)
• Explain how the sex chromosomes control gender by referring to the inheritance of X and Y chromosomes in humans. (4.3.5)
• State that some genes are present on the X chromosome and absent from the shorter Y chromosome in humans. (4.3.6)
• Define sex linkage. (4.3.7)
• Describe the inheritance of colour blindness and hemophilia as examples of sex linkage. (4.3.8)
• State that a human female can be homozygous or heterozygous with respect to sex-linked genes. (4.3.9)
• Explain that female carriers are heterozygous for X-linked recessive alleles. (4.3.10)
• Predict the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of offspring of monohybrid crosses involving any of the above patterns of inheritance. (4.3.11)
• Deduce the genotypes and phenotypes of individuals in pedigree charts. (4.3.12)
Chapter 15 Presentation-The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
X-Linkied Inheritance Animation
Determining The Correct Gene Order Animation
DNA Inversion
Meiotic DNA Inversion
Reciprocal Translocation
Meiotic Reciprocal Translocation
3.4 DNA Replication—Campbell chapter 16.
Assessment Statements
• Explain DNA replication in terms of unwinding the double helix and separation of the strands by helicase, followed by formation of the new complementary strands by DNA polymerase. (3.4.1)
• Explain the significance of complementary base pairing in the conservation of the base sequence of DNA. (3.4.2)
• State that DNA replication is semi-conservative. (3.4.3)
AHL Topic 7:
7.2 DNA Replication (HL only)—Campbell chapter 16.
Assessment Statements
• State that DNA replication occurs in a 5’ to 3’ direction. (AHL 7.2.1)
• Explain the process of DNA replication in prokaryotes, including the role of enzymes (helicase, DNA polymerase, RNA primase and DNA ligase), Okazaki fragments and deoxynucleoside triphosphates. (AHL 7.2.2)
• State that DNA replication is initiated at many points in eukaryotic chromosomes. (AHL 7.2.3)
Chapter 16 Presentation-The Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Nucleotide Polymerization by DNA Polymerase
Overview of DNA Replication
DNA Mutations
Molecular Level DNA Mutations
DNA Repair
DNA Synthesis Animation
3.5 Transcription and Translation—Campbell chapter 17.
Assessment Statements
• Compare the structure of RNA and DNA. (3.5.1)
• Outline DNA transcription in terms of the formation of an RNA strand complementary to the DNA strand by RNA polymerase. (3.5.2)
• Describe the genetic code in terms of codons composed of triplets of bases. (3.5.3)
• Explain the process of translation, leading to polypeptide formation. (3.5.4)
• Discuss the relationship between one gene and one polypeptide. (3.5.5)
AHL Topic 7:
7.3 Transcription (HL only)—Campbell chapter 17.
Assessment Statements
• State that transcription is carried out in a 5’ to 3’ direction. (AHL 7.3.1)
• Distinguish between the sense and antisense strands of DNA. (AHL 7.3.2)
• Explain the process of transcription in prokaryotes, including the role of the promoter region, RNA polymerase, nucleoside triphosphates and the terminator. (AHL 7.3.3)
• State that eukaryotic RNA needs the removal of introns to form mature mRNA. (AHL 7.3.4)
You’ve explained the significance of complementary base pairing in the conservation of the base sequence of DNA above. Now give an example, with pictures, of how base pairing is conserved. Be sure to label the parent strand, the template strand and new strand. Your explanation should detail how the cell maintains the fidelity of the information in the original sequence, and how the template is used to ensure this fidelity.
7.4 Translation (HL only)—Campbell chapter 17.
Assessment Statements
• Explain that each tRNA molecule is recognized by a tRNA-activating enzyme that binds a specific amino acid to the tRNA, using ATP for energy. (7.4.1)
• Outline the structure of ribosomes, including protein and RNA composition, large and small subunits, three tRNA binding sites and mRNA binding sites. (7.4.2)
• State that translation consists of initiation, elongation, translocation and termination. (7.4.3)
• State that translation occurs in a 5’ to 3’ direction. (7.4.4)
• Draw and label a diagram showing the structure of a peptide bond between two amino acids. (7.4.5)
• Explain the process of translation, including ribosomes, polysomes, start codons and stop codons. (7.4.6)
• State that free ribosomes synthesize proteins for use primarily within the cell, and that bound ribosomes synthesize proteins primarily for secretion or for lysosomes. (7.4.7)
Chapter 17 Presentation-Frome Gene to Protein
Transcription
Translation
DNA Replication
DNA Structure
The Three Steps of Translation
Translation and Peptide-Bond Formation
Overview of mRNA Processing
Overview of Eukaryotic Gene Expression
Bacterial Transcription You don't have to be concerned with the details associated with the drag and drop features of this animation, just look at the big picture and see how this process occurs.
Bacterial Translation
Molecular Level DNA Mutations
DNA Mutations
DNA Mutations II
DNA Mutation--Nonsense and its Affect on Phenotype
Complete Dominance Animation Notice the DNA to RNA to Protein theme here; tie it into what you learned earlier in the year.
Recessive Allele Animation Notice the DNA to RNA to Protein theme here as well, and again try to tie it into what you've learned earlier in the year.
Option F—F3: Microbes and biotechnology (HL & SL)—Campbell chapters 18, 19, 20 and 27.
Assessment Statements
• State that reverse transcriptase catalyses the production of DNA from RNA. (F3.1)
• Explain how reverse transcriptase is used in molecular biology. (F3.2)
• Distinguish between somatic and germ line therapy. (F3.3)
• Outline the use of viral vectors in gene therapy. (F3.4)
• Discuss the risks of gene therapy. (F3.5)
AHL Topic 7:
7.1 DNA Structure (HL only)—Campbell chapters 5 and 18.
Assessment Statements
• Describe the structure of DNA, including the antiparallel strands, 3’–5’ linkages and hydrogen bonding between purines and pyrimidines. (AHL 7.1.1)
• Outline the structure of nucleosomes. (AHL 7.1.2)
• State that nucleosomes help to supercoil chromosomes and help to regulate transcription. (AHL 7.1.3)
• Distinguish between unique or single-copy genes and highly repetitive sequences in nuclear DNA. (AHL 7.1.4)
• State that eukaryotic genes can contain exons and introns. (AHL 7.1.5)
Chapter 18 Presentation-The Genetics of Viruses and Bacteria
Chapter 18 Bacterial Characteristics Promoting Genetic Diversity
Chapter 18 The Regulation of Gene Expression in Bacteria
Chapter 18 The Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
The following links will assist you in your basic understanding of the operon:
Bacterial Conjugation Animation
Plasmid Cloning Animation
F Plasmid
Specialized Transduction
Generalized Transduction
Hfr Animation
Transcription Complex and Enhancers I
Transcription Complex and Enhancers II
Transcription Factors
How Spliceosomes Work
Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
DNA Packing
Intracellular Receptors and The Regulation of Gene Expression
Hormone Action and the Change in Gene Expression
RNA Splicing
Processing of Gene Information Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
How Intracellular Receptors Regulate Gene Expression
A good interactive tutorial regarding the lac operon
The lac operon with NO CAP/cAMP explanation
The lac operon including explanations of CAP and cAMP
The lac operon including explanations of CAP and cAMP along with a quiz
The lac operon from the W.H. Freeman website accompanying the Griffiths Text
The lac operon from the W.H. Freeman website accompanying the Pierce Text
The lac operon from the Sumanasinc website
The trp operon from the W.H. Freeman website
Repression with and without inducers along with a quiz
Protein synthesis and quiz
mRNA synthesis and quiz
Option F—F3: Microbes and biotechnology (HL & SL)—Campbell chapters 18, 19, 20 and 27.
Assessment Statements
• State that reverse transcriptase catalyses the production of DNA from RNA. (F3.1)
• Explain how reverse transcriptase is used in molecular biology. (F3.2)
• Distinguish between somatic and germ line therapy. (F3.3)
• Outline the use of viral vectors in gene therapy. (F3.4)
• Discuss the risks of gene therapy. (F3.5)
Chapter 19 Presentation-Eukaryotic Genomes: Organization, Regulation, and Evolution
Levels of Chromatin Structure Animation
Dimensional Structure of Nuclear Chromosomes
Option F—F3: Microbes and biotechnology (HL & SL)—Campbell chapters 18, 19, 20 and 27.
Assessment Statements
• State that reverse transcriptase catalyses the production of DNA from RNA. (F3.1)
• Explain how reverse transcriptase is used in molecular biology. (F3.2)
• Distinguish between somatic and germ line therapy. (F3.3)
• Outline the use of viral vectors in gene therapy. (F3.4)
• Discuss the risks of gene therapy. (F3.5)
4.4 Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology—Campbell chapter 20.
Assessment Statements
• Outline the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to copy and amplify minute quantities of DNA. (4.4.1)
• State that, in gel electrophoresis, fragments of DNA move in an electric field and are separated according to their size. (4.4.2)
• State that gel electrophoresis of DNA is used in DNA profiling. (4.4.3)
• Describe the application of DNA profiling to determine paternity and also in forensic investigations. (4.4.4)
• Analyse DNA profiles to draw conclusions about paternity or forensic investigations. (4.4.5)
• Outline three outcomes of the sequencing of the complete human genome. (4.4.6)
• State that, when genes are transferred between species, the amino acid sequence of polypeptides translated from them is unchanged because the genetic code is universal. (4.4.7)
• Outline a basic technique used for gene transfer involving plasmids, a host cell (bacterium, yeast or other cell), restriction enzymes (endonucleases) and DNA ligase. (4.4.8)
• State two examples of the current uses of genetically modified crops or animals. (4.4.9)
• Discuss the potential benefits and possible harmful effects of one example of genetic modification. (4.4.10)
• Define clone. (4.4.11)
• Outline a technique for cloning using differentiated animal cells. (4.4.12)
• Discuss the ethical issues of therapeutic cloning in humans. (4.4.13)
Chapter 20 Presentation-DNA Technology and Genomics
Dideoxy Sequencing Method of DNA
PCR Gene Amplification
RFLP Analysis and Gene Mapping
RFLP Analysis and Gene Detection
4.1 Chromosomes, Genes, Alleles, and Mutations—Campbell chapters 14, 15 and 21.
Assessment Statements
• State that eukaryote chromosomes are made of DNA and proteins. (4.1.1)
• Define gene, allele and genome. (4.1.2)
• Define gene mutation. (4.1.3)
• Explain the consequence of a base substitution mutation in relation to the processes of transcription and translation, using the example of sickle-cell anemia. (4.1.4)
